| PYTHIAN |
2nd MOST IMPORTANT GAMES AFTER THE OLYMPICS. DEDICATED TO APOLLOA AND ORIGINALLY HELD EVERY 8 YEARS, LATER 4. MUSIC WAS THE KEY FOCUS! FORMAT 3 DAYS MUSIC & POETRY THEN 3 DAYS ATHLETIC AND EQUESTRIAN COMPETITION.
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| ISTHMIAN |
MULTIPLE DAY FESTIVAL ATTRACTING GOOD NUMBERS AND HELD IN HONOUR OF POSEIDON. HELD EVERY 2 YEARS (THE 2ND AND 4TH OF THE OLYMPIC CYCLE!) RUNNING, BOXING, WRESTLING, PENTATHLON AND EQUESTRIAN EVENTS ALL PROMINENT.
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| NEMEAN |
2ND AND 4TH YEARS OF OLYMPIC CYCLE – ANOTHER GAMES DEDICATED TO ZEUS. COPIED THE OLYMPICS IN TERMS OF EVENTS
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| PANKRATION |
A FORM OF WRESTLING (NOT WWF STYLE). 1:1 TO TEST THE STRENGTH AND AGILITY OF MALES.
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| COTSWALD OLYMPIAN GAMES |
16TH AND 17TH CENTURY BRITAIN HERALDED THE RE-APPEARANCE OF OLYMPIC ACTIVITY. COTWALDS FOUNDED IN 1612 INCLUDED COURTLY AND FOLK GAMES. DISCOURAGED BY PURITANS.
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| KILLENIN / BRUNDAGE / SAMARANCH |
PRESIDENTS OF THE IOC. KNOW WHAT HAPPENED UNDER THEIR LEADERSHIP AND HOW THEY DEALT WITH IT!
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| APARTHEID |
SOUTH AFRICA BANISHED FROM 1964 GAMES BECAUSE OF THEIR TREATMENT OF BLACK CITIZENS
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| WASP |
THE WHITE ANGLO-SAXON PROTESTANT CULTURE – PREDOMINATES IN BRITAIN, USA AND EUROPE – REFLECTED IN THE MODERN OLYMPICS AT THE OUTSET. WESTERN NATIONS STILL HOLD POWER TODAY (STACKING) WITH NATIVE CULTURES BEING THE TRUE OUTSIDERS. WHO IS THE MOST INFLUENTIAL???
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| JESSE OWENS |
MADE A MOCKERY OF HITLERS ARYAN SUPREMACY IN BERLIN 1936 – WINNING 4 GOLD MEDALS (100, 200, LONG JUMP, 4 X 100). HITLER REFUSED TO PRESENT HIS MEDALS.
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| SANOC |
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE – A SUPPOSED NON RACIAL BODY. STRUGGLED TO EXIST EFFECTIVELY BECAUSE THEY COULD NOT OPERATE IN OPEN DEFIANCE OF THEIR EXTREMELY RACIST GOVERNMENT.
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| OLYMPIC SOLIDARITY PROGRAMME |
PROGRAMMES OF EDUCATION WHICH ENSURE THAT ALL MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENT FALL INTO LINE ON ISSUES SUCH AS RACE EQUALITY.
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| CHARLOTTE COOPER |
First female British Gold medallist in 1900. She won the tennis singles. Medals were not awarded though until 1908.
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| MILDRED ‘BABE’ DIDRICKSON |
1932 took the games by storm by winning two gold, hurdles and javelin, and silver in the high jump.
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| FANNY BLANKERS - KOEN |
First ‘Media Darling’. Won four golds in 1948. 100, 200, 100 hurdles and 4x100 relay and still had time to wash up and clean…..she was also a mother at the time.
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| INSITUTIONAL |
Constraints placed by certain institutions and organisations. Like no women boxers.
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| CULTURAL |
Some religions do not allow women the same freedom as men to compete.
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| IMAGE AND POWER |
In the wider world it is growing constantly. However, women can still not demand the same as men in terms as prize money and sponsorship. Women are still trying to overcome this…should they be paid the same when they do not work as hard. i.e. two sets compared three in tennis.
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| SEXISM |
Denying opportunities to people based upon their gender.
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| OLGA KORBUT |
The power of the sporting female. One of the first to show they can be winners as well as attractive to the media. 1972 called in to the Soviet team…grace, power and beauty changed the face of gymnastics.
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| OLYMPIC CHARTER |
Opposes any political abuse of sport. Set up to confirm the running of the games…the areas which are to be followed.
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| HITLERS GAMES |
1936 Berlin caused the most political controversy and the major problems for the IOC. Hitler used the games as a political statement to show German strength. Jesse Owens the major sufferer.
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| ARAB TERRORISTS |
1972 Munich…terrorism hit home. Eight Arabs killed eleven Israeli athletes. Lack security by Germans due to it being first games since the war.
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| RECONCILIATION |
1964 awarded games to Tokyo in an attempt to heal old wounds following their conduct during the second world war.
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| RECOGNITION |
East Germany as ‘independent state’ Mexico 68, subsequent success at 72 games.
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| GLOBAL SYSTEMATIC PROTEST |
Moscow 1980, America upset with the Russian invasion of Afghanistan – rallied around and got over 50 other countries to support them in their protest.
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| GLOBAL NON-SYSTEMATIC PROTEST |
quote the Olympics website re: black power prostest - " they were protesting against racial segregation in the United States and were subsequently expelled from the Olympic Village".
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| PING-PONG DIPLOMACY |
Because America boycotted Moscow 1980, under a veiled excuse, the Russians boycotted Los Angeles 1984! 1st utilised when America sent ‘table-tennis’ players to China in order to restore diplomatic relations after a falling out over Taiwan.
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| EAST GERMAN MACHINE |
Independent success brought about through the use of extreme training methods. Overcame the fact that they were a ‘poor’ nation and embarrassed their ‘western’ neighbours. Later found that drugs were involved – kinda took the shine off the success!
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| BIDDING PROCEDURE |
6 years before the Olympics actually take place. 2 years prior to the decision a bid will be lodged to the IOC by interested nations (I bid per country). Votes are taken and the city with the majority wins!
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| NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE |
B.O.A. – become heavily involved when more than one city wants a go, eg, Manchester and London, will then hold a ‘mini-bid’. Any Olympic bid must be supported by a county’s NOC.
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| BRITISH BIDS |
We went for Barcelona (1992) and Atlanta (1996), alas to no avail. We got 21 votes in 1992 and 26 in 1996, but, unfortunately, it was not enough!! The story is that the IOC hinted that we may get the games – but in reality, it was never gonna happen – lead to a big fall-out with dummies all over the place!
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| BROADCASTING RIGHTS |
Needed to make the games a financial success (after Montreal). Broadcasting companies prepared to pay outlandish amounts to gain the valuable rights.
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| CENTENNIAL GAMES |
Athens was the favourite, but Atlanta won ‘out of the blue’. People state that the reason being that Atlanta is the home of ‘Coca-Cola’ – is commercialism taking over???
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| SPORTSMANSHIP |
The intention to compete within the framework of the rules and the intended spirit of the rules.
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| GAMESMANSHIP |
The intention to compete to the limit allowed by the rules and beyond, if that is achievable without penalty.
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| MORAL CONSIDERATIONS |
The understanding that decisions influence our thoughts and lives. What we decide will play on how we can continue and accept the gains and the losses.
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| BEN JOHNSON |
1988 100m Olympic champion. Deviant after being found guilty of using a banned substance to enhance his performance.
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| BANNED SUBSTANCE |
Any substance which can be used that will enhance a performance artificially.
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| IOC MEDICAL COMMISSION |
They establish all the routines for gathering samples as well as ensuring they are transported securely, sealed and numbered. Also work alongside accredited labs….check no tubes or bags to cheat.
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| DR. LUDWIG GUTTMANN |
1944 – opened a spinal injuries clinic at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. He pioneered a new approach to rehabilitation, based around sporting activity.
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| PARALYMPICS |
The PARALYMPICS movement began as an organised sports competition for 2nd world war vets (1948). In 1960 the games began to follow the Olympic pattern (for spinal disorders only) and in 1976 (Toronto) other disability groups were accepted. Since 1988, the Paralympics have shared the same venue as the main Olympics – before they were held seperately.
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| INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE |
The organisation responsible for the paralympics - the equivalent of the IOC. |
| FUNDING |
Funded by the IOC, a figure that tends to rise each time the games come around – the commercial interest is obviously not the same although TV coverage improved slightly at Sydney. |
| THREE TEARDROPS |
The flag of the Paralympic movement – red, blue and green. The IOC would not let the Olympic flag or colours to be used – Samaranch did not want disabled athletes to hinder the market potential of the main games. |
