The following may be of use for students studying GCSE Physical Education.
Bones
- The flat bones and irregular bones are usually protective bones such as the ribs.
- The long bones are the ‘levers’ of the body – where lots of movement happens.
- Describe how bones and muscles work together to produce movement?
- Explain the role that each of the four functions of the skeleton plays in a chosen physical activity such as rugby?
Joints and movement
- There are many different joints in the body, including joints that do not move or move only slightly.
Joint structure
- Most moving joints are synovial joints. They are enclosed in a capsule filled with a lubricating fluid, called synovial fluid. This fluid reduces friction on the joint surfaces. A membrane seals the synovial capsule so that the fluid doesn’t leak out.
Connective tissues join muscle and bones
- Describe the three types of connective tissue you need to know about.
- All the major joints of the body rely on a combination of ligaments and tendons for stability. Both ligaments and tendons can be strained or torn as a result of a violent movement.
Diet and Exercise
- ‘Young people are becoming less active and increasingly obese: only half of 11-16 year-olds walk for 10 minutes a day, and around one in eight is obese. This can have a harmful effect on their hearts and lead to problems in later life’.
- Do you agree or disagree with the quote above?
- Do you consider yourself an active person?.
- If so why?
- If not why not?
- Write down the exercise you do in a typical week.
- Compare your list with the person sitting next to you, are the lists fairly similar.
- Make a list of all the reasons why people would want to exercise on one side and any reasons why people wouldn’t on the other. Then compare your answers.
Eating Disorders
- Eating disorders are illnesses that make people binge or starve themselves because of a compulsion to be thin. Eating disorders can have a very serious effect on general health and well-being. They will also affect performance in sport.
The three most common types of eating disorder are:
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Bulimia Nervosa
- Compulsive eating disorder
“Anorexia” is a kind of self-imposed starvation. Anorexics are obsessed with their appearance, imagining that they are too fat.
“Bulimia” refers to uncontrolled eating and to related thoughts, behaviours and a poor self-image. Binge eating is usually followed by feelings of self-disgust and vomiting.
“Compulsive eating disorder” usually takes the form of episodes of uncontrollable over-eating. People who have this condition do not normally make themselves vomit after eating or become obsessed with exercise.
1. Sufferers from both anorexia and bulimia become obsessed by their weight and the image of themselves. They often involve themselves in vigorous exercise. Explain why?
2. In a sporting environment, there is an emphasis on body size and shape, especially for women. Explain why?
3. There is, therefore, suggested that there is a particular relationship between sport and eating disorders. Explain why?
Smoking
1. The view on smoking has changed drastically in the last twenty years or so. Explain why this is.
2. How many people die every year from smoking related diseases?
3. How many young people take up smoking every day in the UK?
4. Young people think that people only die from smoking when they’re old and that smoking won’t affect them. But in fact it is harmful at any age, and has serious consequences for the components of fitness.
a/ List the five affects that smoking has on fitness.
b/ Explain why each of the above would affect an athletes fitness.
5. Explain what passive smoking is, and how it can harm people who don’t smoke.
6 Why does smoking reduce the amount of oxygen that reaches muscles? Give two reasons.
Risk Assessment
Potential Hazards
As a performer, you have a responsibility to be aware of the potential hazards, both to yourself and others. You should be aware that the environment in which you work might be a source of potential danger.
Court Areas - often used for netball and tennis.
It is vital to get into the habit of looking over an area and, if possible, remove potential hazards before an activity starts.
Potential Hazards might include:
- Litter- paper and plastic can cause people to slip, even in dry conditions.
- Broken/ protruding bits of surround fencing
- Wobbly portable posts ( e.g. netball), or portable posts with feet sticking out into the playing area.
List four other potential hazards.
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The gymnasium – often used for indoor games (purposes for which most were never intended) which makes it one of the potentially most hazardous activity areas.
List four checks that should be made before a lesson in the gym.
Explain why shouldn’t outdoor shoes be worn in the gym?
Outdoor and adventurous Activities- adventurous activities take place:
- On land
- On water
- On both land and water!
The activities are often set in remote surroundings well away from the school campus. The environments in which these activities take place are often new to many students and are sometimes harsh, exposed and potentially dangerous.
List three potential hazards for each of the following activities.
1. mountain walking
2. rock climbing
3. canoeing
4. horse riding
5. skiing
Potential Hazards (contd)
Keeping safe
There are some basic potential hazards that apply generally to outdoor adventurous activities. You should always bear these in mind:
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The Playing Field
The fact that playing field areas are also sometimes used for general recreation can lead to more potential hazards.
List six potential hazards that may cause injury.
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Potential hazards can be far more noticeable on tarmac or hard areas than they are on grass playing areas. Explain why.
Rules reduce risk!
Explain why rules reduce risk?
In many respects a sports hall is simply a larger version of a gymnasium, so therefore many of the potential hazards are the same.
Describe four potential risks that are specific to a sports hall.
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Risk assessment continued:
Rules, codes, laws
The rules of any sport aim to:
Why should you obey the rules?
What does every player have a responsibility to do?
Warm up / cool down
Why do we do this?
Good personal hygiene:
What are two of the most common infections?
Briefly describe these infections?
A simple personal hygiene regime will help to considerably reduce the risk of a whole range of minor infections.
List the precautions you can take.
Muscles
Find a diagram of a skeleton with muscles attached. Label the following muscles on the diagram.
- Deltoid Abdominal
- Trapezius Gluteals
- Pectorals Quadriceps
- Biceps Hamstrings
- Triceps Gastrocnemius
- Latissimus Dorsi
- National provision
1. What do we mean by national provision?
2. Give two examples that are not centres of excellence?
3. Describe what ‘Sport England’ is all about?
4. What is one of its briefs?
National centres of excellence
1. Who runs the centres for excellence?
2. List the five centres in England?
3. Why do we have these centres?
4. Why do we need these centres?
Sports councils
1. Describe the current UK sport structure?
2. Name the different sports councils?
2. What do the sports councils do?
Why do you think the government wants more people to participate in sport and physical activity?
Should we be spending huge sums of money on top level performers when there is still a lack of facilities at grass-roots level?
How fit are we?
Young people are becoming less active and increasingly obese: only half of 11-16 year-olds walk for 10 minutes a day, and around one in eight is obese. This can have a harmful effect on their hearts and lead to problems in later life’.
Do you agree or disagree with the quote above?
Do you consider yourself an active person?.
If so why?
If not why not?
Write down the exercise you do in a typical week.
Compare your list with the person sitting next to you, are the lists fairly similar.
Make a list of all the reasons why people would want to exercise on one side and any reasons why people wouldn’t on the other.
Then compare your answers.
FITNESS EXAM QUESTIONS
1. Explain how regular exercise can improve fitness and health. [1]
2. Define fitness. [1]
3. Identify one outdoor physical activity in which the following aspects of fitness
would be particularly important:
a) Speed of reaction [1]
b) Speed [1]
4. Identify one indoor physical activity in which the following aspects of fitness
would be particularly important:
a) Agility [1]
b) Balance [1]
5. Define the term’s Cardiovascular endurance and Muscular endurance and explain
how the two are related. [2]
6.. Steven is an athlete, he wishes to improve his long jump in particular this year, identify and explain two components of fitness which are important in successful long jumping.
[4]
Improving performance: the respiratory system
Gaseous exchange
The process of gaseous exchange involves both the respiratory and circulatory systems.
• Gaseous exchange involves the exchange of _______________and carbon dioxide between the blood stream and the _________________.
• Oxygen is absorbed into, and _____________ is dispersed from, the blood stream via the microporous walls of the ________________.
• The process occurs far more ________________in individuals who take regular ______________________.
• The efficiency with which gaseous exchange occurs governs the body’s ability to make the best of the oxygen intake and expel ____________________ products.
Use the words below to fill in the gaps:
Waste Oxygen Alveoli Exercise Lungs Efficiently CO2
Benefits from exercise
Benefits of regular exercise to the respiratory system are increased vital capacity and tidal volume. Increases in both the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and the vital capacity of the lungs allow the body to tolerate oxygen debt during exercise.
Improving performance: the respiratory system
Gaseous exchange
The process of gaseous exchange involves both the respiratory and circulatory systems.
• Gaseous exchange involves the exchange of _______________and carbon dioxide between the blood stream and the _________________.
• Oxygen is absorbed into, and _____________ is dispersed from, the blood stream via the microporous walls of the ________________.
• The process occurs far more ________________in individuals who take regular ______________________.
• The efficiency with which gaseous exchange occurs governs the body’s ability to make the best of the oxygen intake and expel ____________________ products.
Use the words below to fill in the gaps:
Waste Oxygen Alveoli Exercise Lungs Efficiently CO2
Benefits from exercise
Benefits of regular exercise to the respiratory system are increased vital capacity and tidal volume. Increases in both the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and the vital capacity of the lungs allow the body to tolerate oxygen debt during exercise.
The Respiratory System and Exercise
EXERCISE INCREASES YOUR OXYGEN UPTAKE
When you exercise, your body needs more __________ to make the muscles work.
To achieve this:
1) You breathe more ____________.
2) Your heart pumps _____________ - so the red blood cells travel faster and deliver more oxygen.
That means your oxygen ___________ increases. It’s measured by your _________,
which is just the volume of oxygen (O2) your body uses in a minute.
The maximum it reaches is called your _______
- the fitter you are, the higher it is.
USE THE WORDS BELOW TO FILL IN THE GAPS.
VO2 OXYGEN QUICKLY VO2 MAX FASTER UPTAKE
Training Methods
Answer the following questions in full sentences.
1. Name the 3 different types of strength and give a sporting example of each.
2. Describe briefly the differences between “isometric” and “isotonic” training. Give a sporting example of each.
3. Name the two main types of training.
( clue…………beginning with I and C)
4 Suggest some of the other specific training methods that could
come under these two broad headings.
5. Describe some exercises that you would put into a circuit training sessions for any given sport.
Extended: you could add some time limits or some repetitions to these exercises.
6. Exam question:
“ What are the benefits of using interval training or fartlek training, for the invasion game player, over continuous training”. Discuss.
Revision Test: (40)
1. Name the four types of bones (4) – flat, irregular, long, short
2. What type of connective tissue joins bones to bones? (1) - ligaments
3. What type of connective tissue joins muscles to bones? (1) - tendons
4. Name five types of movement at a joint (5) – flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
5. What are the six types of synovial joint? (6) – ball/socket, hinge, gliding, saddle, condyloid, pivot
6. Name the three different types of muscle. (3) – cardiac, smooth, skeletal
7. Name 2 differences between fast twitch and slow twitch. (2) – red/white, speed/endurance
8. What does VO2 Max measure? (1) – maximum oxygen use in litres per minute
9. Name the three main types of blood vessel. (3) – arteries, veins, capillaries
10. Name the four parts of the blood. (4) – plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets
11. Name the five components of health related fitness. (5) ME, MS, CV, Flex, Speed
12. Name five components of skill related fitness. (5) – Balance, Co-ordination, Reaction Time, Agility, Power,
