Flexion and Extension Flexion is a movement in the sagittal plane, which decreases the angle at the moving joint. The extension is the opposite movement, which increases the angle at the joint. Many types of synovial joints are capable of flexion and extension (hinge; ball and socket; saddle; condyloid) including the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, […]
Synovial joint structure is basically the same for all freely moveable joints in the human body. It comprises ligaments, cartilage, membranes, and bursae. The definition of a joint is where two bones meet. Synovial joints are freely moveable joints, for example, the shoulder, hip, and knee. They are made up of the following: Ligaments Ligaments
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Here we explain heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, and how they change during physical exercise. Heart rate definition Heart rate is the number of times your heart beats during a set time. We usually measure heart rate as the number of beats in one minute or bpm. Heart rate during exercise During exercise heart
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Gaseous exchange refers to the process of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide moving between the lungs and blood. Here we explain how the structure of the Alveoli and blood vessels in the lungs facilitates this. Alveoli structure Air passes into the lungs via bronchi, bronchioles, and then into Alveoli. These are individual hollow cavities contained within
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Blood functions include transportation of nutrients around the body, maintaining homeostasis, and the immune system. Blood comprises plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Function of blood The following are the functions of blood: Transportation Blood carries other substances around the body inside Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries. These include gasses (Oxygen and Carbon
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The major muscles of the neck and back include the erector spinae, multifidus, rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus, internal obliques, external obliques, splenius, and quadratus lumborum. Quadratus Lumborum The quadratus lumborum (QL) is a common muscle that is often associated with lower back pain; correct stretching of the QL can help ease this pain. Splenius Splenius
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The muscles of the ankle are the gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus. Plantar flexor ankle muscles The following ankle muscles are the main plantar flexors the ankle. When you do a calf raise or go up on
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The main hip & groin muscles consist of the iliopsoas, pectineus, rectus femoris, and sartorius at the front. The gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, tensor fasciae latae on the outside. Gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus at the back and the adductor or groin muscles (adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor Magnus, and gracilis). Gracilis Gracilis
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The knee joint consists of the femur (thigh bone), tibia, and fibula bones of the lower leg and the patella or kneecap. The muscles which flex and extend (bend and straighten) the joint are the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis) and the hamstring muscles at the back of the thigh (semitendinosus, semimembranosus,
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The main muscles which move the wrist and hand consist of the flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and adductor
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